ZBORNIK RADOVA BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS

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1 ZBORNIK RADOVA BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Urednici/Editors: Dragan Mihajlović Bojan Đorđević Zaječar, 2019.

2 9. Međunarodni simpozijum o upravljanju prirodnim resursima 9 th International Symposium on Natural Resources Management Izdavač/Publisher: Za izdavača/for the publisher: Urednici/Editors: Tehnički urednici/technical editors: Štampa/Printed: Faculty of Management, Zajecar, Megatrend University, Belgrade Dragan Ranđelović, Executive Director Dragan Mihajlović, Full Professor Bojan Đorđević, Full Professor Dragan Jelenković Dragica Stojanović, Assistant Professor Printing office ''Happy'' Zajecar Tiraž/Copies: 100 The publisher and the authors retain all rights. Copying of some parts or whole is not allowed. Authors are responsible for the communicated information. ISBN CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd 005:330.15(082) (082) 620.9(082) (082) MЕЂУНАРОДНИ симпозијум о управљању природним ресурсима (9 ; 2019 ; Зајечар) Zbornik radova / 9. međunarodni simpozijum o upravljanju prirodnim resursima, Zaječar, Srbija 2019, 31. maj; [organizatori] Fakultet za menadžment Zaječar, Univerzitet Megatrend [etc.] = Proceedings / 9th International Symposium on Natural Resources Management, Zajecar, Serbia 2019, Маѕy 31 ; [organizers] Faculty of Management Zajecar, Megatrend University [etc.] ; urednici, editors Dragan Mihajlović, Bojan Đorđević. - Zajecar : Faculty of Management, Megatrend University, Belgrade, 2019 (Zajecar : Happy trend) str. : graf. prikazi, tabele ; 30 cm Tiraž Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Abstracts. ISBN а) Природна богатства -- Управљање -- Зборници б) Животна средина -- Одрживи развој -- Зборници в) Енергија -- Коришћење -- Зборници г) Туризам -- Зборници COBISS.SR-ID

3 9. МЕĐUNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM O UPRAVLJANJU PRIRODNIM RESURSIMA FINANSIJSKI JE PODRŽAN OD MINISTARSTVA PROSVETE, NAUKE I TEHNOLOŠKOG RAZVOJA REPUBLIKE SRBIJE 9 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IS FINANCIALLY SUPPORTED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

4 NAUČNI ODBOR/SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE John A. Naisbitt, Naisbitt China Institute, China Dominick Salvatore, Fordham University, New York, USA Radomir A. Mihajlović, New York Institute of Technology, USA Shekhovtsova Lada, Faculty of Economics, University of Novosibirsk, Russia Yuriy Skolubovich, Faculty of Economics, University of Novosibirsk, Russia Sung Jo Park, Free University, Berlin, Germany Lisa Fröhlich, CBS Cologne Business School GmbH, European University of Applied Sciences, Köln, Germany Julia Maintz, CBS Cologne Business School GmbH, European University of Applied Sciences, Köln, Germany Jean Jacques Chanaron, Grenoble Ecole de Management, France Dominique Jolly, CERAM, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France Antonello Garzoni, Universita LUM "Jean Monnet", Bari, Italy Antonio Salvi, Universita LUM "Jean Monnet", Bari, Italy Angeloantonio Russo, Universita LUM "Jean Monnet", Bari, Italy Candida Bussoli, Universita LUM "Jean Monnet", Bari, Italy Ljuben Ivanov Totev, "St. Ivan Rilski" University of Mining and Geology, Sofia, Bulgaria Vencislav Ivanov, "St. Ivan Rilski" University of Mining and Geology, Sofia, Bulgaria Srećko Devjak, MLC Management and Law College Ljubljana, Slovenia Žarko Lazarević, Institute for Contemporary History, Ljubljana, Slovenia Nikolae Georgesku, Alma Mater University of Sibiu, Romania Mihai Botu, University of Craiova, Department of Horticulture & Food Science, Craiova, Romania Violeta Nour, University of Craiova, Department of Horticulture & Food Science, Craiova, Romania Maria Popa, Faculty of Economic Sciences, "1 December 1918" University in Alba Iulia, Romania Gavrila - Paven Ionela, Faculty of Economic Sciences, "1 December 1918" University in Alba Iulia, Romania Pastiu Carmen, Faculty of Economic Sciences, "1 December 1918" University in Alba Iulia, Romania Jan Polcyn, Economics Institute of Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Poland Bazyli Czyzewski, Economics Institute of Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Poland Sebastian Stepien, Economics Institute of Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Poland Stavros Lalas, Department of Food Technology Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece Biserka Dimiskovska, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Skopje, Macedonia

5 Nadežda Čalić, Faculty of Mining Prijedor, Banja Luka University, Bosnia and Hertzegovina Milinko Ranilović, International University of Travnik, Bosnia and Hertzegovina Marija Janković, Faculty of Economics and Business, Mediterranean University, Podgorica, Montenegro Mića Jovanović, Rector Megatrend University Belgrade Miodrag Jevtić, Deputy rector Megatrend University Belgrade Milivoje Pavlović, Vice-rector Megatrend University Belgrade Dragan Nikodijević, Vice-rector Megatrend University Belgrade Dragan Ž. Đurđević, Vice-rector Megatrend University Belgrade Slobodan Pajović, Faculty of Geoeconomics, Megatrend University Belgrade Milan Milanović, Faculty of Law, Megatrend University Belgrade Andrija Blanuša, Faculty of Law, Megatrend University Belgrade Dragana Trifunović, Faculty of Business Studies, Megatrend University Belgrade Ranka Mitrović, Faculty of Business Studies, Megatrend University Belgrade Gorica Cvijanović, Faculty of Biofarming, Bačka Topola, Megatrend University Belgrade Gordana Dozet, Faculty of Biofarming, Bačka Topola, Megatrend University Belgrade Dragan Mihajlović, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Džejn Paunković, Faculty of Civil Aviation, Megatrend University Belgrade Bojan Đorđević, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Srđan Žikić, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Igor Trandafilović, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Dalibor Miletić, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Krunislav Sovtić, Faculty of Management Zaječar, Megatrend University Belgrade Jelena Bošković, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management, Novi Sad Radmilo Pešić, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade Petar Veselinović, Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac Svetislav Milenković, Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac Drago Cvijanović, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac Dejan Sekulić, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac Miljan Leković, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac Marija Lakićević, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac Vojin Đukić, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad Nada Štrbac, Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade Dejan Riznić, Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade Ljubiša Papić, DQM, Research center Prijevor, Čačak Dragan Kostić, Free zone Pirot Vladan Jeremić, RARIS - Regional Development Agency Eastern Serbia, Zaječar Zoran Milovanović, RARIS - Regional Development Agency Eastern Serbia, Zaječar

6 ORGANIZATORI / ORGANIZERS ORGANIZACIONI ODBOR/ORGANISING COMMITTEE Dragan Mihajlović, Chairman Dragan Ranđelović, Deputy Chairman Bojan Đorđević Džejn Paunković Srđan Žikić Saša Ivanov Gabrijela Popović Sanja Stojanović Milica Paunović Dragica Stojanović Sanja Jevtić Ivana Nikolić Nebojša Simeonović Mira Đorđević Andrijana Petrović Aleksandar Simonović Mirko Šobot

7 SADRŽAJ/TABLE OF CONTENT Vasilije Isajev SPECIFIČNOSTI UPRAVLЈANJA GENETIČKIM RESURSIMA ŠUMSKIH VRSTA Šemsudin Plojović, Senad Bušatlić, Senadin Plojović MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMENE IKT U FUNKCIJI PROMOCIJE TURISTIČKIH POTENCIJALA SRBIJE Dragan Kostić, Aleksandar Simonović LOGISTIČKI CENTRI U ČETVRTOJ INDUSTRIJSKOJ REVOLUCIJI Marija Janković, Anđela Jakšić-Stojanović BRENDIRANJE GRADOVA KAO PREDUSLOV TURISTIČKOG RAZVOJA CRNE GORE Mirjana Radaković, Milinko Ranilović, Miloš Radaković EKONOMSKI POTENCIJAL PRIRODNIH RESURSA Milinko Ranilović, Mirjana Radaković, Miloš Radaković EKONOMIJA I EKONOMSKI INSTRUMENTI U FUNKCIJI ODRŽIVOG RAZVOJA Gordana Dozet, Gorica Cvijanović, Nenad Đurić, Zlatica Miladinov UTICAJ MIKROBIOLOŠKOG ĐUBRIVA NA PRINOS I POLEGANJE KOD BAŠTENSKOG GRAŠKA Danijela Trkulja, Radivoj Prodanović, Jelena Bošković INFLUENCE OF AERO-POLLUTANTS ON PLANT PRODUCTION OF PERIURBAN AREAS Borislava Borislavova Galabova, Boriana Yordanova Trifonova ECOLOGICAL SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MINING INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF BULGARIA Emanuele Doronzo, Rosamartina Schena, Marianna Zito THE WELL-BEING OF THE WORLD'S CITIZENS: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY AND THE DISTANCE OF POWER? Czékus Borisz KOLIKI JE EKOOTISAK NAŠIH MLADIH? Marina Anatovljevna Vakula, Radmila Pokrajac PROBLEM PRAVNOG REGULISANJA USMERENOG NA SMANJENJE NEGATIVNOG UTICAJA NA ATMOSFERSKI VAZDUH

8 Mihajlo Jovanović, Jane Paunković, Violeta Jovanović LEARNING FROM THE PAST: USING CONTEMPORARY METHODS FOR PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOCLIMATIC QUANTITATIVE RECONSTRUCTIONS FROM THE SMALL MAMMAL FOSSIL RECORD FROM SERBIA Gabrijela Popović, Dragan Mihajlović KLJUČNI FAKTORI RAZVOJA ŠUMA U NACIONALNOM PARKU FRUŠKA GORA Jelena Bošković, Radivoj Prodanović, Jelena Mladenović NATIONAL PARKS OF SERBIA Nenad Marić, Jana Štrbački, Zoran Nikić NATURAL ATTENUATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS: FROM SUBSURFACE PHENOMENA TO COST-EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION APPROACH Milica Paunović, Anđelija Radonjić EKOLOŠKI OTISAK ODRŽIVI INDIKATOR ŽIVOTNOG STILA POJEDINCA I GRUPA Petar Veselinović, Nevena Veselinović POLJOPRIVREDA U FUNKCIJI ODRŽIVOG RAZVOJA REPUBLIKE SRBIJE Maja Andrijašević, Vesna Pašić Tomić ENVIRONMENT IN SERBIA IN FIGURES Vojin Đukić, Svetlana Balešević-Tubić, Zlatica Miladinov, Predrag Ranđelović, Gordana Dozet UTICAJ GUSTINE SETVE NA NEKE MORFOLOŠKE OSOBINE SOJE (GLYCINE MAX) Gorica Cvijanović, Jelena Marinković, Marija Cvijanović UZAJAMNI ODNOS IZMEĐU ZEMLJIŠNIH MIKROBA I HERBICIDA Gelert Gligor, Milena Žuža, Petar Pižurica EFEKTIVNO SMANJENJE KONCENTRACIJE FOSFORNIH JEDINJENJA U GRADSKIM OTPADNIM VODAMA U SUBOTICI IZMEĐU I GODINE Goran Anđelković, Ivan Samardžić PROMENE TEMPERATURE VAZDUHA U ISTOČNOJ SRBIJI U PERIODU GODINA Sanja Stojanović, Nina Petković PRIMENA METODA ODLUČIVANJA U VOĆARSKOJ PROIZVODNJI Zoran Milovanović, Vladan Jeremić, Gabriel Vladut RAZVOJ ODRŽIVOG PLANINSKOG TURIZMA U KARPATSKOM PREKOGRANIČNOM PODRUČJU RUMUNIJA SRBIJA

9 Vidoje Stefanović, Biljana Ilić MENADŽMENT MODEL TURIZMA U SRBIJI Bojan S. Đorđević PREDVIĐANJE SPOT CENE BAKRA PRIMENOM ARIMA MODELA Silvana Ilić, Dejan Riznić, Nenad Andrić ZNAČAJ SARADNJE SRBIJE SA EVROPSKOM BANKOM ZA OBNOVU I RAZVOJ Silvana Ilić, Nina Petković, Sanja Stojanović STRATEGIJSKO UPRAVLJANJE ENERGETIKOM U FUNKCIJI PRIVREDNOG RASTA Milica Kovačević, Milica Raičević, Olivera Simović ZNAČAJ ZELENOG MARKETINGA U ZAŠTITI ŽIVOTNE SREDINE Dragan Mihajlović, Violeta Jovanović, Jane Paunković MULTINACIONALNE KOMPANIJE I PRIRODNI RESURSI Gabrijela Popović, Bojan Đorđević, Dragan Milanović GRINDING CIRCUIT DESIGN SELECTION BASED ON THE OCRA METHOD Goran Puzić, Aleksandar Klevernić RURAL DEVELOPMENT MAIN POINTS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITY DOBRINCI Olivera Ranđelović, Vladan Milojević EKOTURIZAM - MODEL ODRŽIVOG TURISTIČKOG RAZVOJA NA PROSTORU STARE PLANINE Dragoljub Bajić, Dušan Polomčić, Jelena Ratković, Predrag Pajić ODREĐIVANJE PROSTORNE DISTRIBUCIJE VREDNOSTI HIDRAULIČKIH PARAMETARA IZDANI: PRIMER POVRŠINSKOG KOPA RADLJEVO Dušan Polomčić, Dragoljub Bajić, Vesna Ristić Vakanjac, Marina Čokorilo Ilić PRIMENA MODELA TRANSPORTA IDEALNE ČESTICE NA PRIMERU RAZVOJA POVRŠINSKOG KOPA JAKOVAČKA KUMŠA Slavica Miletić, Dejan Bogdanović EVALUACIJA ZADOVOLJSTVA KORISNIKA PROIZVODIMA I USLUGAMA RUDARSKIH KOMPANIJA Momčilo Manić TRANSPARENTNO I DELOTVORNO INFORMISANJE I OGLAŠAVANJE U FUNKCIJI BOLJEG KVALITETA VAZDUHA U SRBIJI Drago Cvijanović, Vuk Mirčetić, Svetlana Vukotić RAZVOJ I DEFINISANJE BRENDA TURISTIČKE DESTINACIJE

10 Ljubiša Stajić, Jelena Božinović, Srđan Žikić MOTIVACIJA I INTERNA KOMUNIKACIJA U INOVACIONIM ORGANIZACIJAMA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI Marko Trišić UTICAJ ZELENOG MARKETINGA NA MARKETING MIKS KOMPANIJA Dragica Stojanović, Gordana Đukić ZELENO FINANSIRANJE NA MEĐUNARODNOM NIVOU POREĐENJE SRBIJE I SINGAPURA Miloš Radaković ENERGETSKI EFIKASNI I EKOLOŠKI GRAĐEVINSKI ASPEKTI GRADNJE Biljana Ilić, Marko Trišić, Miloš Nikolić POSLOVNA KULTURA U ZEMLJAMA CENTRALNE EVROPE Dragica Stojanović ZELENE FINANSIJE - TREND KOJI PRATI KONCEPT ODRŽIVOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA Georgi Nikolov, Nikola Tanakov, Desislava Botseva INTEGRATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN MODERN MODELS OF EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CONCEPT "SWITCH TO GREEN" Goran Radisavljević, Goran Milovanović, Gordana Đukić UDEO I STRUKTURA POLJOPRIVREDNIH PROIZVODA U SPOLJNOTRGOVINSKOJ RAZMENI REPUBLIKE SRBIJE Goran Puzić, Aleksandar Klevernić PRISTUPANJE ZEMALJA CENTRALNE I JUGOISTOČNE EVROPE EVROPSKOJ UNIJI JAČANJE POLJOPRIVREDE I/ILI STRUKTURNA REFORMA Miroslav D. Stevanović, Dragan Ž. Đurđević ODRŽIVI RAZVOJ IZMEĐU SVOG VREDNOSNOG I NORMATIVNOG KONCEPTA Nicola Raimo, Marianna Zito, Alessandra Caragnano DOES NATIONAL CULTURE AFFECT INTEGRATED REPORTING QUALITY? A FOCUS ON GLOBE DIMENSIONS Dalibor Miletić, Krunislav Sovtić, Anton Vorina EKONOMSKI ASPEKTI PROCENE UTICAJA ZAŠTITE ŽIVOTNE SREDINE EVROPSKE UNIJE I SRBIJE Andrija Blanuša, Slobodan Petrović MENADŽMENT GRADOVA PROBLEMI, REŠENJA I POTENCIJALI RAZVOJA MENADŽMENTA U GRADOVIMA

11 Leposava Jovanović, Ivana Avramović JAČANJE PREDUZETNIŠTVA I NUŽNOST INOVACIJA U CILJU IZLASKA PRIVREDE SRBIJE IZ KRIZE Tomislav Radović, Aleksandra Cvetković ZAŠTITA PRAVA NA ADEKVATNU ŽIVOTNU SREDINU U EVROPSKOJ UNIJI (EU) Miljan Jeremić, Radojica Točilovac, Milan N. Božinović, Saša Ivanov PRIMENA STATISTIČKIH PARAMETARA U ANALIZI REFERENTNE EVAPOTRANSPIRACIJE Dragana Cvetković METODE VIŠESTRUKE REGRESIJE I DISKRIMINACIONE ANALIZE Ivan Živić, Safet Pavlović EKONOMSKI I DRUŠTVENI ASPEKTI INVESTIRANJA Ivan Stojanović ZNAČAJ TEHNOLOŠKOG PROCESA DOZREVANJA ZELENE BANANE U KONTROLISANIM USLOVIMA U SRBIJI Ivan Stojanović UTICAJ ZELENOG MARKETINGA U ORGANSKOJ POLJOPRIVREDI KAO RAZVOJNOJ PERSPEKTIVI OPŠTINE ALEKSINAC Vojkan Bižić, Mladen Vuksanović MARKETINŠKE AKTIVNOSTI PROMOCIJE SRBIJE POSREDSTVOM SPORTSKOG TURIZMA

12 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS: FROM SUBSURFACE PHENOMENA TO COST-EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION APPROACH Nenad Marić 1 Jana Štrbački 2 Zoran Nikić 3 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia, nenad.maric@sfb.bg.ac.rs 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Đušina 7, Belgrade, Serbia, jana.stojkovic@rgf.bg.ac.rs ABSTRACT Natural attenuation includes a variety of physical, chemical and biological processes that, without human intervention, contribute to the reduction of groundwater contamination. The paper analyses the historical development of monitored natural attenuation as a cost-effective remediation method, primary in the United States. Starting from petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, to metals and radionuclides, the understanding of natural attenuation impact on different groundwater contaminants has been constantly improved. Natural attenuation is also an example of knowledge advancement contribution to the policy and engineering practice. KEYWORDS Groundwater, contamination, monitored natural attenuation, cost-effective remediation. 1. INTRODUCTION Without extracted groundwater, food production and human life in many parts of the world would not be possible in present times. Thus, the quality of groundwater and its protection are very important, both from the scientific and practical aspect. Groundwater may not meet quality standards because it contains constituents from natural (e.g. Marić et al. 2014; Mrazovac Kurilić et al. 2015) and anthropogenic sources (e.g. Zhang et al. 1997; Lawniczak et al. 2016). According to Fetter (1999), a wide variety of materials have been identified as contaminants found in groundwater: synthetic organic chemicals, hydrocarbons, inorganics, pathogens and radionuclides. Regardless of the fact that many groundwater contamination sites are small, the cost of remediation is high. Thus, there is a need for the application of cost-effective remediation approaches that take advantage of natural processes. According to U.S. EPA (1999), natural attenuation includes a variety of physical, chemical or biological processes that, under favourable conditions and without human intervention, lead to the reduction of toxicity, mobility, mass or concentration of contaminants. Thus, monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is an in situ remediation technology that relies on naturally occurring and demonstrable processes in groundwater, which reduce the mass and concentration of the contaminants (Jørgensen et al. 2010). According to Alvarez and Illman (2006), MNA has been selected for managing more than 50% of all sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, and more than 15% of all hazardous waste remediation approaches in the United States. The evolution of MNA from applied research to research-driven remediation policy and practice is an excellent example of the evolution of knowledge. 121

13 Nenad Marić, Jana Štrbački, Zoran Nikić 2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY The exploration of the MNA historical development was performed by the analysis of technical documents, protocols and review papers, for different groundwater contaminants. During the analysis of MNA development in the United States, special attention has been given to the Environmental Security and Technology Certification Program s FAQ about MNA in groundwater (Adamson and Newell, 2014). The analysis of MNA situation in Europe was based primarily on the results of CityChlor Project (Mars, 2013). Other useful data sources included the online course Natural Attenuation of Groundwater Contaminants: New Paradigms, Technologies and Applications, authorized by Rice University and offered through Coursera. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Major processes behind the MNA approach Natural attenuation refers to the observed reduction in contaminant concentrations, as contaminants migrate from the source in environmental media (Wiedemeier et al, 1999). The occurrence of natural attenuation processes in groundwater was documented for the first time for petroleum hydrocarbon plumes. Thus, the overview of major processes behind MNA approach will be given for this group of contaminants. Natural attenuation of fuel contaminants in groundwater depends on non-destructive physical processes (dissolution, advection, dispersion, diffusion, sorption), and, more importantly, on destructive processes, such as biodegradation (Scheutz et al. 2011; Lu et al. 2015). In other words, as a consequence of physical, chemical and biological processes, without human intervention, mass and mobility of these contaminants in groundwater will be reduced (Figure 1). Figure 1. The impact of advection, dispersion, sorption, and degradation on the contaminant transport in porous media (Mersmann, 2003) As can be seen from the Figure 1, the non-destructive processes result in reduction of contaminant concentration, but not in the reduction of the total mass in the system. On the other hand, destructive processes result in the degradation of contaminants. The destructive processes include biodegradation for petroleum hydrocarbons and abiotic biodegradation mechanisms (e.g. hydrolysis) for chlorinated solvents. Overall, natural attenuation results from the integration of all subsurface attenuation processes (both abiotic and biotic) operating at a given site (Wiedemeier et al, 1999). 122

14 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS: FROM SUBSURFACE PHENOMENA TO COST-EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION APPROACH 3.2 From natural phenomena to research-driven remediation practice According to Alvarez and Illman (2006), interest in the use of microorganisms to degrade specific hazardous organic chemicals, probably dates to Gayle (1952), who proposed the microbial infallibility hypothesis. However, due to the early studies of soil microbiology, which indicated that numbers of bacteria dropped off sharply with depth, even in the early 1980s it was widely assumed that shallow aquifers were largely sterile (Chapelle, 1999). On the other hand, the extensive use of petroleum hydrocarbons and concern about contamination due to the leaking underground storage tanks during the 1980s has made the microbiology of shallow aquifers the topic of intense inquiry (e.g. Wilson et al, 1983; White et al, 1983; Heitkamp and Cerniglia, 1988). Results of the numerous field and laboratory research have confirmed that the introduction of soluble organic compounds into groundwater initiates a complex series of responses from subsurface microorganisms. At the same time, the regulatory pressure has stimulated the interest in groundwater remediation technologies. The poor clean-up record of physical methods for removing hydrocarbon-contamination (e.g. pump and treat) has stimulated a shift toward the use of microorganisms. According to Alvarez and Illman (2006), during the 1980s it became clear that indigenous bacteria are physiologically and genetically predisposed to mediate the degradation of pollutants in the subsurface. Among numerous sites which have provided an opportunity for the improvement of knowledge on microbiological contribution in the reduction of hydrocarbon-contamination, Bemidji in Minnesota should be mentioned. After clean-up efforts completed at this site in 1980, about liters of oil remained in the subsurface, which provided an excellent opportunity for the scientific community to improve understanding of the natural processes limiting this type of contamination. Starting from 1983, studies at Bemidji were among the first to document the importance of natural attenuation processes. Similarly, numerous field studies (e.g. Rice et al, 1995; Wiedemeier et al, 1995; Buscheck et al, 1996; Mace et al, 1997) provided clear evidence that the majority of the dissolved petroleum-hydrocarbon plumes, present in the shallow subsurface of the United States, are at steady-state equilibrium, or are receding, because of the natural attenuation processes (Wiedemeier et al, 1999). During the 1990s monitored natural attenuation has experienced significant growth, from laboratory research projects to a widely used approach to manage contaminated groundwater (Figure 2). Along with the increased use of MNA at contaminated sites, scientifically procedures were developed to document and quantify its occurrence. Starting in 1995, U.S. EPA began to develop policies regarding the use of natural attenuation for groundwater remediation. During the next few years, several protocols were developed by regulatory agencies to guide the evaluation and implementation of monitored natural attenuation as a remedy for a variety of contaminants (Figure 3). Figure 2. Methods used to clean up groundwater contamination from leaking underground storage tanks as of (Adapted from Tullis et al. 1998) 123

15 Nenad Marić, Jana Štrbački, Zoran Nikić Figure 3. The timeline of MNA development in the United States (Adapted from Adamson and Newell, 2014) As can be seen, the first protocols were issued for petroleum hydrocarbons, later followed with protocols for chlorinated solvents. Although all protocols played key roles in some part of the MNA domain, according to Adamson and Newell (2014), these are the most highly cited: The 1995 AFCEE s protocol for fuel hydrocarbons, U.S. EPA s 1998 protocol for chlorinated solvents, The U.S. EPA s 1999 directive on Monitored Natural Attenuation. The philosophy of MNA as a remediation approach could be summarized here: MNA is an appropriate remediation method only where its use will be protective of human health and the environment and it will be capable of achieving site-specific remediation objectives, within a timeframe that is reasonable compared to other alternatives (U.S. EPA, 1999). Thus, to meet these criteria it is necessary to monitor and document the effectiveness of attenuation processes in eliminating target contaminants. Overall, the improvement of knowledge has led to the change of remediation policy and practice in the United States. On the other hand, the MNA growth in Europe was not so rapid. The results of CityChlor Project (Mars, 2013) indicate that MNA concept has been gaining attention during the 2000 decade (Figure 4). Figure 4. MNA history in Europe: start dates of the most important research programs (A); publication dates of protocols (B) and 1st case applications (C) (Adapted from Mars, 2013) 124

16 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS: FROM SUBSURFACE PHENOMENA TO COST-EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION APPROACH As can be seen, the first case applications of MNA in Europe range from 1996 to The CityChlor Project (Mars, 2013) indicates following: the independent MNA protocols exist in the Netherlands (BOS-NA in 1998), Belgium (OVAM in 2003), Germany (LABO in 2005), Sweden (SGI V541-1 on petroleum hydrocarbons in 2004 and SGI V601 on chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in 2009) and the Catalonian region of Spain (in 2008). In France, such protocol has been developed in 2013, although technical guides were published in In Denmark, there exists a web-based decision tool for remediation of contaminated sites that includes MNA. In Finland, there is no protocol for the evaluation of MNA as a remediation option. These data also illustrate the policy differences between European countries. Although protocols exist in some countries, MNA was so far only applied at smaller or medium-sized contaminated sites. At the same time, MNA continues to be widely applied in the United States. According to Wilson (2011), MNA was a component of more than 20% of remedies implemented between 1982 and 2005, at National Priority List (NPL) sites where groundwater is contaminated. The same author states that from 2005 to 2008, MNA was a component of more than 18% of NPL groundwater contaminated sites. 3.3 The potential for further development The knowledge changes rapidly in the environmental sciences and some contaminants not rated as having natural attenuation potential could achieve this status in the future. For example, MTBE as a compound added to gasoline appeared to be fairly recalcitrant to MNA. During 1990s research showing biodegradation of MTBE under natural conditions were scarce. According to Adamson and Newell (2014), more recent plume studies have documented that the majority of MTBE plumes are relatively short and/or attenuating (e.g. Wilson and Kolhatkar, 2002; Fiorenza and Rifai, 2003). By 2005, the U.S. EPA had issued a guide for MNA for MTBE7 and the ITRC had evaluated using MNA for MTBE3 (Adamson and Newell, 2014). Based on the overall progress of the MNA approach, U.S. EPA in 2007 has released a three-volume protocol for 19 compounds (metals and radionuclides): Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water, Volume 1 - Technical Basis for Assessment (Ford et al, 2007) Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water, Volume 2 - Assessment for Non-Radionuclides Including Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Selenium (Ford et al, 2007) Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water, Volume 3 - Assessment for Radionuclides Including Tritium, Radon, Strontium, Technetium, Uranium, Iodine, Radium, Thorium, Cesium, and Plutonium-Americium (Ford and Wilkin, 2007) MNA is receiving increasing attention, primarily due to its cost-effectiveness. Due to the fact that actual remediation costs (excavation, transport, treatment, deposition) in the case of MNA are insignificant, further scientific and practical advancement of this remediation approach can be expected in the following years. 4. CONCLUSION From naturally occurring physical, chemical and biological processes to cost-effective remediation approach, the evolution of MNA is an excellent example of the advancement of knowledge. Started from petroleum hydrocarbons to chlorinated solvents, metals and radionuclides, the knowledge of MNA control of different contaminants has been constantly improved. Due to MNA cost-effectiveness, the results of its research continue to change the remediation policy and practice, primary in the United States. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia under Grant No. III and Grant No. OI The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. 125

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